ABSTRACT Introduction: Strengthening the optimization of soccer skills training and strengthening the prevention of sports injuries are important research topics for soccer development in the post-injury rehabilitation phase. Functional training control has been empirically shown to be effective in accelerating rehabilitation. Objective: Investigate the situation of sports injuries in soccer and the effect of optimizing skill training on people with sports injuries in functional training for rehabilitation. Methods: During a 6-week experiment, the experimental group was inserted into the functional training mode, while the control group performed traditional training. The functional training was performed thrice a week for one hour per session. After 6 weeks, physiological and functional data were compared, classified, and analyzed. Results: The total FMS score of the experimental group increased from 13.61 to 17.30, while that of the control group ranged from 14.04 to 15.54. Conclusion: Selecting multiple training methods focused on different sports skills, focusing on balance, strength, and coordination, can optimize the sports skills of soccer players who have sports injuries. The researched protocol was shown to improve the competitive level of athletes and reduce the risk of future sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Resumen Introducción: Reforzar la optimización del entrenamiento de habilidades futbolísticas y reforzar la prevención de lesiones deportivas son temas de investigación importantes para el desarrollo del fútbol en la fase de rehabilitación posterior a la lesión. El control del entrenamiento funcional ha demostrado empíricamente su eficacia en el proceso de aceleración de la rehabilitación. Objetivo: Investigar la situación de las lesiones deportivas en el fútbol y el efecto de la optimización del entrenamiento de habilidades en personas con lesiones deportivas sometidas a entrenamiento funcional para su rehabilitación. Métodos: Durante un experimento de 6 semanas, el grupo experimental se insertó en la modalidad de entrenamiento funcional, mientras que el grupo de control realizó un entrenamiento tradicional. El entrenamiento funcional se realizó tres veces por semana, con una duración de una hora por sesión. Tras 6 semanas, se compararon, clasificaron y analizaron los datos fisiológicos y funcionales. Resultados: La puntuación total de FMS del grupo experimental aumentó de 13,61 a 17,30, mientras que la del grupo de control osciló entre 14,04 y 15,54. Conclusión: La selección de múltiples métodos de entrenamiento centrados en diferentes habilidades deportivas, centrándose en el equilibrio, la fuerza y la coordinación puede optimizar las habilidades deportivas de los jugadores de fútbol que sufrieron lesiones deportivas. El protocolo investigado demostró ser capaz de mejorar el nivel competitivo de los deportistas y reducir el riesgo de futuras lesiones deportivas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: Reforçar a otimização do treinamento das habilidades futebolísticas e fortalecer a prevenção de lesões esportivas são tópicos de pesquisa importantes para o desenvolvimento do futebol na fase de reabilitação pós-lesão. O controle de treinamento funcional tem se mostrado empiricamente eficaz no processo de aceleração da reabilitação. Objetivo: Investigar a situação das lesões esportivas no futebol e o efeito da otimização do treinamento de habilidades em pessoas com lesões esportivas inseridas no treinamento funcional para reabilitação. Métodos: Durante uma experiência com duração de 6 semanas, o grupo experimental foi inserido no modo de treinamento funcional, enquanto o grupo controle efetuou o treinamento tradicional. O treinamento funcional foi realizado três vezes por semana, com duração de uma hora por sessão. Após 6 semanas, os dados fisiológicos e funcionais foram comparados, classificados e analisados. Resultados: A pontuação total de FMS do grupo experimental aumentou de 13,61 para 17,30, enquanto a do grupo de controle oscilou de 14,04 para 15,54. Conclusão: Selecionar múltiplos métodos de treinamento focados nas distintas habilidades esportivas, com foco ao equilíbrio, força e coordenação pode otimizar as habilidades esportivas dos jogadores de futebol que tiveram lesões esportivas. O protocolo pesquisado mostrou-se capaz de melhorar o nível competitivo dos atletas e reduzir o risco de lesões esportivas futuras. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Abstract To investigate the effect of licorice on anti-liver fibrosis actions, we present systematic review and meta-analysis via systematic literature between 2010 and 2020 from the electronic databases, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ISI. A software program (Endnote X8) has been utilized for managing the electronic titles. Searches were performed with mesh terms. Mean differences between two groups (Glycyrrhizic acid and control group) with 95% confidence interval (CI), fixed effect model and Inverse-variance method were calculated. Random effects were used to deal with potential heterogeneity and I2 showed heterogeneity. The Meta analysis and forest plots have been evaluated with the Stata V16. A total of 184 potentially relevant titles and abstracts were found during the electronic and manual search. Finally, a total of four publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria required for this systematic review. TGF-β1 mRNA expression significantly decreased following Glycyrrhizic acid relative to the control group and Glycyrrhizic acid significantly decreased expression of TGF-β1 mRNA, which was about 2.90 times that in the control group. Mean difference between Glycyrrhizic acid and control group was -18.12 U/L (MD, -18.12 U/L 95% CI 30.02 U/L, -6.22 U/L. P = 0.00). Glycyrrhizic acid reduced TGF-β1, Smads mRNAs, hypdroxyproline, alanine aminotransferase.

Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of regulating insulin sensitivity via the insulin receptor substrate-1 of Zingiber striolatum bud extract in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. The C57BL mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10), including normal control group, model group, metformin group, ZS-l (ZS low dose) group, and ZS-h (ZS high dose) group. The body weight and blood glucose were determined weekly. The oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin and biochemical parameters, pancreas histopathology, and the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 were assayed at the end of experimental point. The results showed that Z. striolatum bud extract can significantly decrease the fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in C57BL mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated Z. striolatum bud extract could regulate the insulin sensitivity by upregulating the express of phospho-insulin receptor substrate-1. In conclusion, Z. striolatum bud extract could prevent the progression of diabetes and pancreatic fibrosis in C57BL mice.

Abstract Objective The paper investigated the effect and mechanism of α-Cyperone-containing serum on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in rats. Methods: Female SD rats of 21-25 days old were obtained. Mechanical separation and trypsin digestion method were used to collect rat ovarian granulosa cells. H2O2 of 50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 500 μM, and 1000 μM were applied to intervene in ovarian granulosa cells. CCK-8 method was employed to screen appropriate drug concentration and establish rat ovarian granulosa cell oxidative stress model. 5%, 10%, and 20% drug-containing serum intervention were performed, CCK-8 method was used to screen serum concentration and intervention time. 200 nm, 400 nm, and 800 nm JNK signaling pathway inhibitor SP600125 were used to intervene with oxidatively stressed ovarian granulosa cells, and CCK-8 method was applied to screen the appropriate concentration. Ovarian granulosa cells in the logarithmic growth phase were randomly divided into the blank group, the H2O2 intervention oxidative stress model group (the model group), the drug-containing serum group, and the JNK pathway inhibitor group. After intervention, the laser confocal microscope was used to observe the expressions of intracellular ROS, and the average optical density of each group was compared. The laser confocal microscope was used to observe TUNEL staining, and the apoptosis rate of each group was compared. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of p-JNK, Bax, and caspase-3 proteins. Results: 200 μM H2O2 was used to induce ovarian granulosa cell model of oxidative stress. The optimal concentration of drug-containing serum was 10%, and the intervention time was 24 h. The intervention concentration of JNK signal pathway inhibitor SP600125 was 800 nm. Compared with the blank group, the average optical density of intracellular ROS and apoptosis rate increased in the model group, the drug treatment group, and the JNK pathway inhibitor group. Compared with the model group and the JNK pathway inhibitor group, the intracellular ROS expression and apoptosis rate of the drug group decreased. The Western blot expressions of p-JNK, Bax, and caspase-3 proteins in the model group were higher than that of the blank group, the drug administration group, and the JNK pathway inhibitor group. Conclusion: The serum containing α-Cyperone may inhibit the ROS-JNK signaling pathway and reduce the H2O2-induced oxidative stress ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis.

Abstract Fluoroquinolones are an important class of antimicrobial agents to manage infectious diseases. However, knowledge about how host bile acids are modified by fluoroquinolones is limited. We investigated and compared the impact of fluoroquinolones on circulating bile acid profiles and gut microbiota from in vivo studies. We administered ciprofloxacin (100 mg/kg/day) or moxifloxacin (40 mg/kg/day) orally to male Wistar rats for seven days. Fifteen bile acids (BAs) from the serum and large intestine were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. The diversity of gut microbiota after ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin treatment was analyzed using high-throughput, next-generation sequencing technology. The two fluoroquinolone-treated groups had different BA profiles. Ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the hydrophobicity index of the BA pool, reduced secondary BAs, and increased taurine-conjugated primary BAs in both the serum and large intestine as compared with moxifloxacin. Besides, ciprofloxacin treatment altered intestinal microbiota with a remarkable increase in Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, while moxifloxacin exerted no effect. What we found suggests that different fluoroquinolones have a distinct effect on the host BAs metabolism and intestinal bacteria, and therefore provide guidance on the selection of fluoroquinolones to treat infectious diseases.

Abstract OATP1A1 is the first and founding member of the Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) family. OATP1A1 is usually considered to mediate the cellular uptake of endogenous and xenobiotics, such as bile acids, drugs and environmental toxins. However, some new research indicated that the decrease of Oatp1a1 expression can result in the cholestasis, which was confirmed by clinic case of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury and bile duct ligation surgery or Oatp1a1-null mice models. These results suggested that Oatp1a1 does not simply transport bile acids to hepatocytes, as is commonly believed. In this overview, we summarized the advances of OATP1A1 in drug induced toxicity, cholestasis and other pathological states as well as the differences of Oatp1a1 in different gender and age.

RESUMO A lesão dos tecidos moles é a doença mais comum na ortopedia, e é também a doença mais facilmente negligenciada nos esportes. Sem tratamento ágil e eficaz, facilmente evolui para luxações malignas, afetando seriamente a vida e a prática de esportes. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o efeito e o mecanismo do gel da medicina tradicional chinesa no tratamento de tais lesões, com base nas características da lesão dos tecidos moles relacionada à prática esportiva. Estimulou-se lesão do músculo gastrocnêmio direito em 36 ratos adultos. O gel e a tintura chinesa foram usados para o tratamento. Foram analisados os conteúdos de interleucina, alanina aminotransferase, ureia sanguínea azoto e prostaglandina E2 no sangue dos ratos sob diferentes tratamentos, de modo a explorar a recuperação de quatro ratos. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis de interleucina e prostaglandina E2 no sangue dos ratos tratados com medicamentos eram significativamente inferiores aos do grupo controle (p<0.05), indicando que ambos os fármacos têm efeitos terapêuticos óbvios sobre lesões dos tecidos moles. O teor de interleucina no sangue do grupo gel chinês medicinal mostrou-se ligeiramente inferior ao do grupo tintura, indicando que o gel medicinal chinês pode afetar a recuperação da lesão nos tecidos moles, afetando o leucócito interleucina. Este resultado é útil para o tratamento de lesões dos tecidos moles relacionadas à prática esportiva e para melhorar ainda mais o efeito terapêutico do gel da medicina chinesa tradicional.

ABSTRACT Soft tissue injury is the most common disease in orthopedics, and it is also the most easily neglected disease in sports. Without timely and effective treatment, it is easy to develop into malignant strain and seriously affect life and sports. In view of this, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine gel in treating such injuries in the light of the characteristics of sports-related soft tissue injury. The right gastrocnemius muscle injury was simulated in 36 adult male rats. Chinese medicine gel and tincture were used to treat it. The contents of interleukin, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and prostaglandin E2 in the blood of rats under different courses of treatment were analyzed to explore recovery in four rats. The results showed that the levels of interleukin and prostaglandin E2 in the blood of rats treated with drugs were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), indicating that both drugs have obvious therapeutic effects on soft tissue injury. The content of interleukin in the blood of the Chinese medicine gel group was slightly lower than that of the tincture group, indicating that the Chinese medicine gel could affect the recovery of soft tissue injury by affecting leukocyte interleukin. This result is helpful in the treatment of soft tissue injury in sports and to further improve the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine gel.

RESUMEN La lesión de los tejidos blandos es la enfermedad más común en la ortopedia, y es también la enfermedad más fácilmente descuidada en los deportes. Sin tratamiento ágil y eficaz, fácilmente evolucionan a luxaciones malignas, afectando seriamente la vida y la práctica de deportes. En vista de eso, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el efecto y el mecanismo del gel de la medicina tradicional china en el tratamiento de tales lesiones, con base en las características de la lesión de los tejidos blandos relacionada a la práctica deportiva. Se estimuló lesión del músculo gastrocnemio derecho en 36 ratones adultos. El gel y la tintura china fueron usados para el tratamiento. Fueron analizados los contenidos de interleucina, alanina aminotransferasa, urea sanguínea, nitrógeno y prostaglandina E2 en la sangre de los ratones bajo diferentes tratamientos, de modo de explorar la recuperación de cuatro ratones. Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de interleucina y prostaglandina E2 en la sangre de los ratones tratados con medicamentos eran significativamente inferiores a los del grupo control (p<0.05), indicando que ambos fármacos tienen efectos terapéuticos obvios sobre lesiones de los tejidos blandos. El tenor de interleucina en la sangre del grupo gel chino medicinal se mostró ligeramente inferior al del grupo tintura, indicando que el gel medicinal chino puede afectar la recuperación de la lesión en los tejidos blandos, afectando el leucocito interleucina. Este resultado es útil para el tratamiento de lesiones de los tejidos blandos relacionadas a la práctica deportiva y para mejorar aún más el efecto terapéutico del gel de la medicina china tradicional.

Although previous studies have indicated that statin therapy can effectively prevent the development of CIN, this observation remains controversial, especially in high-risk patients. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of statin pretreatment for preventing the development of CIN in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to determine its effectiveness in various subgroups. We searched the online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. RCTs that involved the comparison of the short-term moderate or high-dose statin pretreatment with placebo for CIN prevention in CKD patients undergoing angiography were included. The primary outcome was CIN prevalence. Seven RCTs comprising 4256 participants were investigated in this analysis. The risk of developing CIN in patients pretreated with statins was significantly lower than that in patients pretreated with placebo (RR=0.57, 95%CI=0.43-0.76, p=0.000). The SCr values of the statin group, when analyzed 48h after angiography were lower than those of the placebo group ((SMD=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.27 to -0.04, p=0.011). In the subgroup analysis, statin pretreatment could decrease the risk of CIN in CKD patients with DM (RR=0.54, 95% CI=0.39-0.76, p=0.000), but not in CKD patients without DM (RR=0.84, 95% CI=0.44-1.60, p=0.606). The efficacy of atorvastatin for preventing CIN was consistent with that observed with the use of rosuvastatin. The risk ratios (RR) were 0.51 (95% CI=0.32-0.81, p=0.004) and 0.60 (95% CI=0.41-0.88, p=0.009), respectively. Our study demonstrated that statin pretreatment could prevent the development of CIN in CKD patients. However, subgroup analysis demonstrated that statin pretreatment, despite being effective in preventing CIN in patients with CKD and DM, was not helpful for CKD patients without DM. Rosuvastatin and atorvastatin exhibited similar preventive effects with respect to CIN.

Abstract:Self-publishing has become a popular e-commerce model. In the current study, we build a duopoly model to examine the impact of the network effect on competition in this emerging market. We investigate four cases depending on two factors: market size and the self-publishing platforms’ compatibility strategy. Our results show that self-publishing writers receive higher royalties compared with the scenario of no network effect except in the case of both platforms choosing incompatibility strategy in the standard market. We also find that self-publishing platforms do not always benefit from the network effect. In the standard market, the platforms will be better off only when they choose incompatibility strategy and the network effect intensity is greater than a certain threshold. In the expanded market, our computational analysis shows that the revenue of the less-known self-publishing platform increases, but the revenue of the leading platform decreases when both platforms choose compatibility strategy. Our findings also show that both self-publishing platforms prefer incompatibility strategy under a strong network effect in the standard market. Otherwise, they prefer compatibility strategy under a weak network effect. In the expanded market, self-publishing platforms have an incentive to choose incompatibility strategy.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to investigate the association of filamin A with the function and morphology of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and explore the role of filamin A in the development of PCa, in order to analyze its significance in the evolvement of PCa. Materials and Methods A stably transfected cell line, in which filamin A expression was suppressed by RNA interference, was first established. Then, the effects of the suppression of filamin A gene expression on the biological characteristics of human PCa LNCaP cells were observed through cell morphology, in vitro cell growth curve, soft agar cloning assay, and scratch test. Results A cell line model with a low expression of filamin A was successfully constructed on the basis of LNCaP cells. The morphology of cells transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A was the following: Cells were loosely arranged, had less connection with each other, had fewer tentacles, and presented a fibrous look. The growth rate of LNCap cells was faster than cells transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A (P <0.05). The clones of LNCap cells in the soft agar cloning assay was significantly fewer than that of cells stably transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A (P <0.05). Cells stably transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A presented with a stronger healing and migration ability compared to LNCap cells (healing rate was 32.2% and 12.1%, respectively; P <0.05). Conclusion The expression of the filamin A gene inhibited the malignant development of LNCap cells. Therefore, the filamin A gene may be a tumor suppressor gene.

Resumo Fundamento: Na observação clínica, os pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda com doença arterial periférica têm prognóstico ruim, portanto, a relação entre as doenças e as características clínicas precisa ser mais explorada. Objetivos: Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar características clínicas e fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda e história de doença arterial periférica (DAP). Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 5682 pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de DAP prévia: grupo DAP (n = 188) e grupo sem DAP (n = 5494, grupo controle). Em seguida, foram analisadas características clínicas e a incidência de eventos adversos hospitalares nesses grupos; um p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: A idade dos pacientes com DAP foi maior que a idade do grupo controle (65,5 ± 10,3 anos vs. 58,6 ± 11 anos, p < 0,001), e a proporção de pacientes com história de diabetes ou acidente vascular cerebral foi maior no grupo DAP que no grupo controle [73 (39%) vs. 1472 (26,8%), p = 0,018; 36 (19,3%) vs. 396 (7,2%), p < 0,001). A análise de regressão logística multivariada para eventos adversos hospitalares mostrou que história de DAP (OR = 1,791, p = 0,01), história de diabetes (OR = 1,223, p = 0,001), e idade >65 anos de idade (OR = 4,670, p < 0,001) foram fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares. Conclusão: DAP prévia, idade avançada, e história de diabetes são fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda.

Abstract Background: In clinical observation, patients with acute coronary syndrome complicated with peripheral artery disease have poor prognosis, so the relationship between the diseases and clinical characteristics need to be further explored. Objective: This study aims to investigate clinical characteristics and independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events in acute coronary syndrome patients with a history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods: A total of 5,682 patients with acute coronary syndrome were included into this study. These patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of a history of PAD: PAD group (n = 188), and non-PAD (control) group (n = 5,494). Then, the clinical characteristics and incidence of in-hospital adverse events were analyzed; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age of PAD patients was higher than that in the control group (65.5 ± 10.3 years vs. 58.6 ± 11 years, p < 0.001), and the proportion of PAD patients with diabetes history and stroke history was higher than that in the control group (73 [39%] vs. 1472 [26.8%], p = 0.018; 36 [19.3%] vs. 396 [7.2%], p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis between groups based on in-hospital adverse events revealed that a history of PAD (OR = 1.791, p = 0.01), a history of diabetes (OR = 1.223, p = 0.001), and age of > 65 years old (OR = 4.670, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events. Conclusion: A history of PAD, advanced age, and a history of diabetes are independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Abstract:Offering digital content for renting has become popular among online retailers. Following the trend, textbook retailers have introduced e-textbook rental programs which satisfy students’ needs to reduce the cost of textbooks. Under the e-textbook rental model, retailers have homogeneous digital products and delivery channel. Therefore, they need specific differentiation strategies to distinguish themselves in the competition. In this study we aim to investigate the key factors of retailers’ differentiation strategy and their impact on retailers’ price advantage in the market. Our horizontal model shows that factors such as service quality are essential for the leading retailer to maintain price advantage in the competityon. We also carry out an empirical study on service design and consumers’ input by analyzing a unique data set of 151 e-textbooks from two major textbook rental retailers Amazon and Chegg. Our results show that factors including service flexibility, earliest return time, consumers’ rating, and e-textbook selling price play a significant role in retailers’ pricing differentiation strategy. Overall, our research provides useful managerial insights and operational policies for online textbook rental retailers.

Abstract: Dihydroporphyrin iron (III) chelates (also known as DHFe) have a role in plant growth regulation under normal and stressful conditions. In the present study, using Glycine max cultivars Jackson (the salt-sensitive) and Lee68 (the salt-tolerant) as the experimental materials, the physiological and molecular events contributing to the ameliorative effects of foliar DHFe spray on seedling growth; leaf photosynthetic parameters; reactive oxygen species (ROS) content; antioxidant enzyme activity; Na+, K+, and Cl- contents; and seed traits of soybean plants under control or salt-stressed conditions were investigated. The results showed that foliar spraying DHFe solution on soybean seedlings under NaCl treatment can significantly increase the leaf osmotic potential (ψs) and relative water content (RWC); reduce the Na+ and Cl- contents and Na+/K+ ratio; and simultaneously enhance the leaf antioxidant enzymes (CAT and APX, POD and SOD) activity, together with the mitigated ROS damage (lower H2O2 and MDA contents). Thus, it can apparently restore the salt stress-inhibited growth and photosynthetic capacity of Jackson and Lee68 seedlings, of which the salt-sensitive cv. Jackson displayed more pronounced effects. This may be related to the fact that, except for DHFe as a kind of antioxidant, foliar application of DHFe could enhance the transcription levels of GmCLC1 in roots and leaves and those of GmSOS1 in roots of Jackson plants under salt stress. When continuously cultivated to maturity, foliar spraying DHFe under salt stress could improve, to a certain extent, the seed traits (including the numbers of pods and seeds and seeds dry weight per plant) of both soybean cultivars. This approach may also provide a valuable theoretical basis and technical guidance for future practical application of DHFe as a type of plant growth promoter for the chemical regulation of foliar DHFe spray in mitigating salt injury to soybean and other crops under saline cultivation conditions.

ABSTRACT This study is to investigate the most efficient extractives of extracting oil recipe for stroke treatment and the protective effects on an oxygen and glucose deprivation model in PC12 cells. An orthogonal experimental design L9 (34) was carried out for oil recipe's optimization with supercritical CO2 fluid extraction. 2-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were conducted to evaluate cell activity and indexes in the cell lysate. The result showed that the optimum extraction condition was 30 Mpa, 50 ºC, 100 min, the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and among forty detected compounds 27 were identified, representing 80.86% of the total oil content. trans-Cinnamaldehyde (14.14%), piperine (9.32%), β-amyrin (6.79%), lupenone (6.28%), longifolene (6.07%), β-caryophyllene (5.21%), α-bisabolol (4.11%), and β-bisabolene (2.56%) were high mass fraction. Oil recipe could significantly attenuate PC12 cell damage, the lactate dehydrogenase release and decreased the malondialdehyde levels, glutathione peroxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, glutathione and nitric oxide content (p < 0.01) and increased the level of superoxide dismutase after oxygen and glucose deprivation. The protective mechanism may be related to oil recipe's antioxidant effect by scavenging free radicals.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anatomic variations of the bifid median nerve, persistent median artery and persistent median vein in Chinese individuals and their relationship with carpal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: One hundred and sixty median nerves were examined using ultrasonography and colour Doppler ultrasonography. The location, shape, and size of the bifid median nerve, persistent median artery and persistent median vein were recorded. The cross-sectional area of the bifid median nerve (two trunks) was measured at the level of the pisiform. RESULTS: Among the 160 wrists examined, a bifid median nerve was observed in 15 (9.4%) wrists, and a persistent median artery was observed in 12 (7.5%) wrists. These two variations either coexisted or were observed independently, and the probability of coexistence (6.3%) was higher than the probability of existing independently (bifid median nerve only 3.1%, persistent median artery only 1.3%). The cross-sectional area of the radial trunk was greater than (13 in 15, 86.7%) the cross-sectional area of the ulnaris trunk. Persistent median vein was observed in 9 wrists (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The persistent median artery and bifid median nerve tend to coexist, and the persistent median vein sometimes runs parallel to the persistent median artery. Their positional relationship in carpal tunnel is uncertain, and thus, preoperative ultrasound is necessary. These three variations do not present any additional risk for the development of carpal tunnel syndrome.